3.4 Adjectives and Adverbs

Preview

This section of Ch. 3 will cover the following topics:

  • the jobs of adjectives and adverbs
  • avoiding common errors

Adjectives and adverbs modify or add information to other words.  Adjectives and adverbs make writing more interesting.

Tip

To “modify” means to change or improve something by adding information.  Notice “adjective” and “adverb” both begin with “ad“?

For example, “cat” is a simple noun and “ran” is a simple verb, but “The silky spotted cat ran swiftly and silently.” is much more interesting than “The cat ran.”  “Silky” and “spotted” are adjectives; “swiftly” and “silently” are adverbs.

Adjectives

Adjectives modify only nouns and pronouns.

An adjective answers questions such as which one, what kind, what color, or what shape.

To find an adjective, first find the nouns and pronouns.  Then, look around to see if any words add information to those nouns and pronouns.

Here is an example of adjectives modifying nouns:

The head librarian helped me find history books on famous writers.  (“librarian,” “books” and “writers” are all nouns.  “head” is an adjective that tells us which librarian; “history” is an adjective that tells us what kind of book; “famous” is an adjective that tells us what kind of writers.)

Here is an example of an adjective modifying a pronoun:

She is tall.  (“tall” is an adjective that describes the size of the pronoun “She.”)

A Word About Articles

Tip

Some people are confused about when to use “the” and when to use “a” or “an.”  The answer depends on whether we are modifying a specific noun (“the dog” as in “that specific dog”) or a general noun (“a woman” as in “any woman”).

The words “a,” “an” and “the” are special types of adjectives called articles.  They modify nouns and pronouns just like regular adjectives and tell us which one or how many.  In the example sentence above, “The” is also an adjective; it tells us which librarian.

Here is another example:

The dog barked at a woman on the street.  (“The” tells us which dog, “a” tells us how many women, and the second “the” tells us which street.)

Placement

In English, adjectives usually come before the noun or pronoun (Asian elephant, small table, long journey).  But not always.  For example:

The organic farm has oranges that are ripe and juicy. (“The” and “organic” are adjectives that modify the noun “farm.”  But “ripe” and “juicy” are adjectives too; they modify the noun “oranges,” even though they come after it.)

Changing Jobs

Sometimes nouns or pronouns modify another noun or pronoun, and when they do, they change jobs and work as adjectives.  For example:

dog’s bed, Vicky’s homework, their house, your decision

“dog’s,” “Vicky’s,” “their,” and “your” answer the question “which one?”  They look like nouns or pronouns, but they are working as adjectives.

Capitalizing Adjectives

When proper nouns work as adjectives, they are capitalized, just like they’d be capitalized if they were working as nouns.  For example:

Oregon → Oregon beer

Jewish → Jewish synagogue

Biden → Biden presidency

Graphics

Watch this cartoon video to reinforce what you’ve learned about adjectives:

Exercise 1

Go back to the sentences that you used for Ex. 1 in Ch. 3.1.

You identified the nouns by highlighting them in yellow, the pronouns by highlighting them in orange, and the verbs by highlighting them in red.  If you made any errors, correct them now.

Then, look at the nouns and pronouns you identified to see if any words modify them.  Those will be adjectives.  Highlight adjectives in light green.

Adverbs

Adverbs and adjectives do the same job: they modify other words.  The difference is which types of words they modify.  Adjectives modify only nouns and pronouns.  Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Adverbs answer how, to what extent, why, when, and where.  For example:

  • Adverb modifying a verb:  Bert sings horribly. (“horribly” modifies the verb “sings”; it tells how he sings.)
  • Adverb modifying an adjective:  Sarah was very nervous about the date.  (“very” modifies the adjective “nervous”; it tells how much.)
  • Adverb modifying another adverb:  Students study really hard before finals. (“hard” is an adverb that modifies the verb “study”; it tells to what extent.  But “really” is also an adverb; it modifies the adverb “hard”; it also tells to what extent.)

To find adjectives, we started by finding nouns and pronouns.  So, to find adverbs, we must first find the verbs and adjectives in the sentence.

Placement

Unlike adjectives, which usually appear in front of the noun or pronoun they modify, adverbs can move.  In the following sentences, the adverb “now” modifies the verb “have” by saying when, but it can appear in many locations:

Now I have enough money for a vacation.

I now have enough money for a vacation.

I have enough money now for a vacation.

Adverbs can also appear in the middle of a verb phrase, but that doesn’t mean they are part of the verb.  They are still adverbs.  For example:

I do not have enough money for a vacation. (“not” is an adverb that modifies the verb “do have.”)

Other adverbs that often interrupt verbs are “also” and “never.”

Graphics

To reinforce what you’ve learned about adverbs, watch this cartoon video:

Exercise 2

Go back to the sentences you did in Ex. 1, Ch. 3.1.  You’ve already identified the nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives.

Now, look for adverbs, and highlight them in dark green:

  • First, see if any words modify the verbs you found.  Those are adverbs.  Highlight them in dark green.
  • Then see if any words modify the adjectives you found.  Those are also adverbs.  Highlight them in dark green.
  • Now, see if any words modify the adverbs you found in the previous two steps.  Those are also adverbs.  Highlight those adverbs in dark green.

There will still be a few words not highlighted, but not many.

Save this exercise for more work in Ch. 3.

Don’t Confuse Adverbs and Adjectives

You may hear someone say, “Anthony is real smart” or “This pizza is real salty.”  That is incorrect grammar.  The correct way to say those sentences is “Anthony is really smart” and “The pizza is really salty.”

Tip

A dictionary will tell you what part of speech a word is.

If the word can work as several parts of speech, a dictionary will tell you that too.

Why?  Because “real” is an adjective and adjectives can’t modify other adjectives, like “smart” or “salty.”  On the other hand, “really” is an adverb so it can modify an adjective.

People also have difficulty differentiating between “good” and “well” or “bad” and “badly.”  If you understand adjectives and adverbs, you will choose the correct word.  For example:

Cecilia is a good person.  (“good” is an adjective that modifies the noun “person.”)

Cecilia did well on a test.  (“well” is an adverb that modifies the verb “did.”)

I performed badly on my accounting test.  (“badly” is an adverb that modifies the verb “performed.”)

The coming thunderstorm looked bad.  (“bad” is an adjective that modifies the noun “thunderstorm.”)

“Good” and “bad” are adjectives; they have to modify nouns or pronouns.  “Well” and “badly” are adverbs.

Takeaways

  • Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns.
  • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
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