7.2 Organizing Ideas

Prewriting helps a writer explore possible topics for a paper and figure out what to say.  But to communicate ideas to someone else, those ideas have to be organized.  That is the goal of Step 2: organizing ideas by developing a thesis and an outline.

Step 2: Organizing

Organizing begins with articulating your point.  What are you going to say in this essay?

Thesis Statements

A thesis is a clear statement of the essay’s main idea.  It is the essay topic and the writer’s position or opinion on that topic.  It’s sort of like the topic sentence of a paragraph, but it’s the topic sentence for the entire essay.

Here is an example thesis:

Urban trees are key to a healthy environment for humans.  (The essay topic is “trees in the city” and the writer’s opinion is that they are crucial to human health.)

A thesis is not just the topic; it is what the writer has to say about that topic.  Each thesis states an opinion, a point.  It is not just a fact; it is the writer’s thoughts, feelings, or position on the topic.

Following are guidelines for a strong, clear thesis statement:

• A thesis is one sentence.  The subject of the thesis is the subject of the essay.  Write it first.  (For example: “Mail-in voting…”)
• A thesis must include an opinion, the point you will make about your subject.  Write that second.  (For example: “…should be required in every state.”)  If the thesis is simply a fact (“Americans over the age of 18 can vote.”), you have nowhere to go.
• A good thesis should generate a “critical question,” either “How?” or “Why?”  This is the question you will answer in the body of the essay.  A good critical question for our example thesis would be “Why?”  The body paragraphs will explain why mail-in voting should be required.
• A good thesis is clear and specific.  Avoid vague language (“interesting,” “terrible,” “good”).  Can you prove that?  In our example, “should be required” is much clearer than “would be a good idea.”
• A good thesis is short and simple.  Make sure your position is not too broad or too narrow.  Don’t tackle two or three ideas at once.  Our example thesis does not say mail-in voting should be “encouraged and monitored”–it picks one focus: “required.”
• A good thesis is a statement, not a question (not “What should we do about…?”) or an announcement (not “The subject of this paper is…”).
• Be aware of your audience.  Take a stand without insulting the reader.  (“Only anarchists support mail-in voting” is unnecessarily offensive.)  If you can’t make a point without insulting people who disagree with you, you will never persuade anyone.

The job of a thesis is to generate and govern the essay.  To generate something is to cause it to be created.  To govern something is to control it.  A thesis statement first creates, then controls the essay.  The thesis is usually presented in the essay’s introductory paragraph, often as the last sentence.

Outlining

An outline is a written plan for the essay.  Without clear organization, your reader can become confused and lose interest. 

We use the critical question generated by the thesis to create the outline.  For example:

Thesis:  Mail-in voting should be required in every state.

Critical question:  Why?

Answer:  Because it is cheaper, easier, and safer.

Those three answers become the three main points in the outline and, eventually, the topic sentences of the body paragraphs.  The answers to the critical question become the body of your essay.

An outline does not have to be complicated or formal.  A short, informal “scratch” outline that lists your main points in the order you will present them will help you visualize your argument and ensure the structure is clear to a reader.

Here is a basic structure for a short essay:

• introduction, thesis statement
• main point, supporting detail
• main point, supporting detail
• main point, supporting detail
• conclusion

Notice how easy it would be to turn this outline into an essay draft by simply adding explanations and details to each paragraph?

Ordering Information

We know that the introduction comes first, the conclusion comes last, and the body of the essay is in the middle.  But to be clear and effective, the body of the essay should be organized as well.

There are three basic patterns to organize the body of an essay:  chronological order, emphatic order, and spatial order.

Chronological order is when events are arranged in the order they actually happen.  Chronological order is used for any topic that occurs over time, such as

• explaining the history of an event or a topic
• telling a story or relating an experience
• explaining how to do or to make something

For example, an essay about the history of the airline industry would begin with its inception and progress through the essential events up to the present day.   This method uses transition words such as “then,” “after that,” and “finally.”

Emphatic order is when your points start with the least important and build to the most important argument, which comes last.  Emphatic order is best used for

• persuading and convincing
• ranking items by their benefit or significance
• illustrating a problem and solution

Note:  The example outline above on mail-in voting is organized emphatically: it moves from a good reason, to a better one, to the best one.  Emphatic order is common in persuasive essays because it allows the writer to increasingly strengthen his argument.

Key transitions might be “one important reason is,” “just as importantly,” and “but the most important.”

Spatial order means explaining or describing objects as they are arranged in space.  Spatial order is best for

• helping readers visualize something you want them to see
• evoking a scene using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, sound)

For example, an essay that describes the parts of a guitar would use spatial order.  You create a picture for the reader that moves in an orderly, logical progression using clear directional signals (“to the left is…,” “above that…,” “on the back is…”)

These three organizational patterns–chronological, emphatic, and spatial–are often combined in a long paper, but usually used alone in short essays.  The key is to choose a pattern consciously, one that will best help you achieve your purpose.

Outlining is how you figure out if the essay is going to work.  Does your thesis identify your point?  Does the body of the essay explain how or why the thesis is true?  Is the organizational structure you chose the best option to explain your point?   Do you have sufficient details?  If not, do more prewriting or organizing.

This process may take you a couple of hours, but the time is well spent.  It will shorten the time necessary for drafting, but more importantly: it will ensure that your essay is focused and clear.