1.4: The Process View of Organizations
A Study of Process
Operations management transforms inputs (labor, capital) into outputs (goods and services) that provide added value to customers.
Learning Objective
- Analyze the importance of operations management in protecting an organization’s competitive advantage
Key Takeaways
- Operations management transforms inputs (labor, capital, equipment, land, buildings, materials, and information) into outputs (goods and services) that provide added value to customers.
- All organizations must strive to maximize the quality of their transformation processes to meet customer needs.
- Controlling the transformation process makes it difficult for competitors to manufacture products of the same quality as the original producer.
TERMS
- process: A series of events to produce a result, especially as contrasted to product.
- input: Something fed into a process with the intention of it shaping or affecting the outputs of that process.
- output: Production; quantity produced, created, or completed.
EXAMPLES
- The 3M Company is a good example of the strategic importance of transforming inputs into outputs that provide competitive advantage in the marketplace. This company manufactures a top-quality adhesive tape called “Magic Tape. ” Magic Tape is used for everyday taping applications, but it offers attractive features that most other tapes do not, including smooth removal from the tape roll, an adhesive that is sticky enough to hold items in place (but not too sticky that it can not be removed and readjusted, if necessary! ), and a non-reflective surface. For several decades, 3M has enjoyed a substantial profit margin on its Magic Tape product, because 3M engineers make the manufacturing equipment and design the manufacturing processes that produce Magic Tape. In other words, 3M enjoys a commanding competitive advantage by controlling the transformation processes that turn raw material inputs into the high value-added Magic Tape product. Controlling the transformation process makes it extremely difficult for competitors to produce tape of the same quality as Magic Tape, allowing 3M to reap significant profits from this superior product.
- An opposite example of the strategic implications of the input/output transformation process is 3M’s decision in the 1980s to stop manufacturing VHS tape for video players and recorders. In the VHS tape market, 3M had no proprietary manufacturing advantage, as there were many Asian competitors that could produce high-quality, VHS tape at lower cost. Since 3M had no proprietary control over the transformation process for VHS tape that would allow the company to protect its profit margins for this product, it dropped VHS tape from its offerings. The two 3M examples of Magic Tape and VHS tape show how important the transformation process and operations management can be to providing and protecting an organization’s competitive advantage.
Operations Management and the Transformation Process
Operations management transforms inputs (labor, capital, equipment, land, buildings, materials and information) into outputs (goods and services) that provide added value to customers.
Figure 1 summarizes the transformation process. The arrow labeled “Transformation System” is the critical element in the model that will determine how well the organization produces goods and services that meet customer needs. It does not matter whether the organization is a for-profit company, a non-profit organization (religious organizations, hospitals, etc.), or a government agency; all organizations must strive to maximize the quality of their transformation processes to meet customer needs.
Example: Strategic Importance of Operations Management
The 3M Company is a good example of the strategic importance of transforming inputs into outputs that provide competitive advantage in the marketplace.
3M manufactures a top-quality adhesive tape called “Magic Tape”. Magic Tape is used for everyday taping applications, but it offers attractive features that most other tapes do not, including:
- Smooth removal from the tape roll
- An adhesive that is sticky enough to hold items in place (but not too sticky that it can not be removed and readjusted if necessary! )
- A non-reflective surface
For several decades, 3M has enjoyed a substantial profit margin on its Magic Tape product because 3M engineers make the manufacturing equipment and design the manufacturing processes that produce Magic Tape. In other words, 3M enjoys a commanding competitive advantage by controlling the transformation processes that turn raw material inputs into the high value-added Magic Tape product.
Controlling the transformation process makes it extremely difficult for competitors to produce tape of the same quality as Magic Tape, allowing 3M to reap significant profits from this superior product. An opposite example of the strategic implications of the input/output transformation process is 3M’s decision in the 1980s to stop manufacturing VHS tape for video players and recorders. In the VHS tape market 3M had no proprietary manufacturing advantage, as there were many Asian competitors that could produce high-quality VHS tape at lower cost. Since 3M had no proprietary control over the transformation process for VHS tape that would allow the company to protect its profit margins for this product, it dropped VHS tape from its offerings. The two 3M examples of Magic Tape and VHS tape show how important the transformation process and operations management can be to providing and protecting an organization’s competitive advantage.
Chapter Attribution
Boundless: Business: “Chapter 10, Section 1, Part 3: A Study of Process”