4.10 Headings

Headings are the titles and subtitles you see within the actual text of much professional, scientific, technical, and business writing. Headings are like the parts of an outline that have been pasted into the actual pages of the document.

Headings are an important feature of professional writing. They alert readers to upcoming topics and subtopics, help readers find their way around in long reports, skip what they are not interested in, and break up long stretches of straight text.

Headings are also useful for writers. They keep you organized and focused on the topic. When you begin using headings, your impulse may be to slap in the headings after you’ve written the rough draft. Instead, visualize the headings before you start the rough draft, and plug them in as you write.

General guidelines

Use headings to mark off the boundaries of the major sections and subsections of a report.

Make the phrasing of headings parallel.

Avoid “stacked” headings—any two consecutive headings without intervening text.

When possible, omit articles from the beginning of headings. For example, “The Diversified Industries Sector” can easily be changed to “Diversified Industries Sector” or, better yet, “Diversified Industries.”

Don’t use headings as lead-ins to lists or as figure titles.

Avoid “widowed” headings; that’s where a heading occurs at the bottom of a page and the text it introduces starts at the top of the next page. Keep at least two lines of body text with the heading, or force it to start the new page.

Format and style

The style and format for headings shown in this chapter is not the “right” or the “only” one; it is just one among many. Be sure to ask your instructor or supervisor about internal style preferences.

When formatting your headings and subheadings, pay close attention to details such as vertical and horizontal spacing; capitalization; use of bold, italics, or underlining; and punctuation.

First-level headings are the highest level of headings in your document. Apply the same format or style to all first-level headings. This style should be different from that which is applied to second-level heading. All second-level headings should have the same style. Similarly, this style should be different from that which is applied to third-level headings (and all third-level headings should have the same style), and so on. There are different ways and styles you can use to differentiate various levels of headings. Use whatever styles are appropriate for the document and audience.

The first section of a report is the Introduction, but because it is understood to be the introduction, no heading is needed. Instead, place the title of your paper or report in place of the word “Introduction”. Subsections of the introduction will use Level 2 headings.

If you are adhering to APA Style formatting use the following heading styles:

The Example Analytical Report in Chapter 4.15 uses different formatting for headings. This format is preferred in Dalhousie University’s Business Communication course. Note that the instructors in this course prefer block style paragraphing, another internal standard within the course.

Ask your instructor or work supervisor what internal standards might apply.

Attribution

This chapter is an adaptation of “Headings” in the Online Technical Writing Textbook by D. McMurray and is used under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.