Chapter 17: Project Implementation Overview
Learning Objectives
- Outline the importance of managing project progress.
- Create effective project monitoring and control systems.
- Examine how work is controlled and monitored during execution and implementation phase.
- Design and create useful and targeted control reports.
- Manage a project change and control its rate of change.
Planning, monitoring, and controlling a project progress is an ongoing project management responsibility. From the very beginning of a project, a project manager must decide the type of data that needs to be collected, the analyses the data will undergo, and the formats in which pertinent information will be reported.
A project is a system and information keeps systems moving. To be successful you need to create an information system that gives the project manager and others the information they need to make informed, timely decisions that will keep project performance close to the plan. Type of information required includes:
Feedback
- Information about progress
- Suggests need to adjust after outcome measured
- e.g. Status reports
Feedforward
- Information about choices (options)
- Adjustments made prior to implementing
- e.g. Risk and communication analysis.
Both types of information are useful and necessary for success. Feedback is required to assess actual performance but it may be too late to adjust. Feedforward protects the project from surprises and may reduce turbulence when changes are necessary.
Project managers can design monitoring and controlling systems specially targeted for schedule performance, work-effort, and expenditures. Monitoring and managing scope creep and project change are two overarching control responsibilities.
After you have carefully planned your project, you will be ready to start the project implementation phase, the third phase of the project management life cycle. The implementation phase involves putting the project plan into action. It’s here that the project manager will coordinate and direct project resources to meet the objectives of the project plan. As the project unfolds, it’s the project manager’s job to direct and manage each activity, every step of the way. That’s what happens in the implementation phase of the project life cycle: you follow the plan you’ve put together and handle any problems that come up.
Implementation Phase
The implementation phase is where you and your project team actually do the project work to produce the deliverables. The word “deliverable” means anything your project delivers. The deliverables for your project include all of the products or services that you and your team are performing for the client, customer, or sponsor, including all the project management documents that you put together.
The steps undertaken to build each deliverable will vary depending on the type of project you are undertaking, and cannot therefore be described here in any real detail. For instance engineering and telecommunications projects will focus on using equipment, resources, and materials to construct each project deliverable, whereas computer software projects may require the development and implementation of software code routines to produce each project deliverable. The activities required to build each deliverable will be clearly specified within the project requirements document and project plan.
Your job as project manager is to direct the work, but you need to do more than deliver the results. You also need to keep track of how well your team performs. The implementation phase keeps the project plan on track with careful monitoring and control processes to ensure the final deliverable meets the acceptance criteria set by the customer. This phase is typically where approved changes are implemented.
Most often, changes are identified by looking at performance and quality control data. Routine performance and quality control measurements should be evaluated on a regular basis throughout the implementation phase. Gathering reports on those measurements will help you determine where the problem is and recommend changes to fix it.
Change Control
When you find a problem, you can’t just make a change, because it may be too expensive or take too long to do. You will need to look at how it affects the triple constraint (time, cost, scope) and how it impacts project quality. You will then have to figure out if it is worth making the change. If you evaluate the impact of the change and find that it won’t have an impact on the project triple constraint, then you can make the change without going through change control. Change control is a set of procedures that lets you make changes in an organized way.
Any time you need to make a change to your plan, you must start with a change request. This is a document that either you or the person making the request must complete. Any change to your project must be documented so you can figure out what needs to be done, by when, and by whom.
Once the change request is documented, it is submitted to a change control board. A change control board is a group of people who consider changes for approval. Not every change control system has a board but most do. The change request could also be submitted to the project sponsor or management for review and approval. Putting the recommended changes through change control will help you evaluate the impact and update all the necessary documents. Not all changes are approved, but if the changes are approved, you send them back to the team to put them in place.
The implementation phase uses the most project time and resources, and as a result, costs are usually the highest during this phase. Project managers also experience the greatest conflicts over schedules in this phase. You may find as you are monitoring your project that the actual time it is taking to do the scheduled work is longer than the amount of time planned.
When you absolutely have to meet the date and you are running behind, you can sometimes find ways to do activities more quickly by adding more resources to critical path tasks. That’s called crashing. Crashing the schedule means adding resources or moving them around to to bring the project back into line with the schedule. Crashing always costs more and doesn’t always work. There’s no way to crash a schedule without raising the overall cost of the project. So, if the budget is fixed and you don’t have any extra money to spend, you can’t use this technique.
Sometimes you’ve got two activities planned to occur in sequence, but you can actually do them at the same time. This is called fast tracking the project. On a software project, you might do both your user acceptance testing (UAT) and your functional testing at the same time, for example. This is pretty risky. There’s a good chance you might need to redo some of the work you have done concurrently. Crashing and fast tracking are schedule compression tools. Managing a schedule change means keeping all of your schedule documents up to date. That way, you will always be comparing your results to the correct plan.
Status Reporting
After data has been collected and analyzed, it needs to be reported in some form. Project reports provide senior management and project teams an opportunity to see whether a project is on track and to determine whether they should do something differently to ensure the projects meet their goals. The fundamental characteristics of a good reporting system includes:
Timely, complete and accurate reports
- Not too costly
- Readily acceptable to team and sponsor
- Containing pertinent information only.
- Warns of pending problems (feedforward)
- Easy to understand – short and concise
In general project managers should avoid periodic reports except in those cases in which the flow of data is periodic. Reports issued routinely – every day, week, month, or quarter- generally do not get read. Instead, let a project’s milestones, scope changes, problems, and the project teams’s need for information dictate the timing of reports.
Types of Status Reports
- Performance/progress reports –These reports indicate the physical progress to date. The report might include information about procurement, delivery and usage.
- Status reports – These reports identify where we are today and use the information from the performance reports to calculate Schedule Variances (SV) and Cost Variances (CV).
- Projection Reports- The reports provide forward-looking projections and emphasize where the project will end up.
- Exception Reports – These reports identify exceptions, problems, or situations that exceed the threshold limits on such items as variances, cash flows, resources assigned etc.
After the deliverables have been physically constructed and accepted by the customer, a phase review is carried out to determine whether the project is complete and ready for closure.
Key Takeaways
- Feedback and feedforward information are useful and necessary for project success. Project reporting should not be driven by regularity.
- The implementation phase involves putting the project plan into action. It’s here that the project manager
- Project reports provide senior management and project teams an opportunity to see whether a project is on track and to determine whether they should do something differently to ensure the projects meet their goals.
Attribution
This chapter is based on chapter 17 in Project Management by Adrienne Watt.
Chapter 17 in Project Management by Adrienne Watt CC BY 4.0 is a derivative the following texts: