2.1 Order of Operations

JEAN-PAUL OLIVIER; NSCC

2.1 Order of Operations

Proceed In An Orderly Manner

You have just won $50,000 in a contest. Congratulations! But before you can claim it, you are required to answer a mathematical skill-testing question, and no calculators are permitted. After you hand over your winning ticket to the redemption agent, she hands you your time-limited skill-testing question: 2 × 5 + 30 ÷ 5. As the clock counts down, you think of the various possibilities. Is the answer 8, 14, 16, or something else altogether? Would it not be terrible to lose $50,000 because you cannot solve the question! If you figured out the solution is 16, you are on the right path. If you thought it was something else, this is a great time to review order of operations.

The Symbols

While some mathematical operations such as addition use a singular symbol (+), there are other operations, like multiplication, for which multiple representations are acceptable. With the advent of computers, even more new symbols have crept into mathematical symbology. The table below lists the various mathematical operations and the corresponding mathematical symbols you can use for them.

Mathematical Operation	Symbol or Appearance	Comments
Brackets	() or [] or {}	In order, these are known as round, square, and curly brackets.
Exponents	2³ or 2^3	In 23, 3 is the exponent; an exponent is always written as a superscript. On a computer, the exponent is recognized with the ^ symbol; 23 is represented by 2^3.
Multiplication	× or * or • or 2(2) or (2)(2)	In order, these are known as times, star, or bullet. The last two involve implied multiplication, which is when two terms are writtennext to each other joined only by brackets.
Division	/ or ÷ or ⁴/₂	In order, these are known as the slash, divisor, and divisor line. Note: in the last example that the division is represented by the horizontal line.
Addition	+	There are no other symbols.
Subtraction	–	There are no other symbols.

You may wonder if the different types of brackets mean different things. Although mathematical fields like calculus use specialized interpretations for the different brackets, business math uses all the brackets to help the reader visually pair up the brackets. Consider the following two examples:

Examples

Example 1: 3 × (4 / (6 – (2 + 2)) + 2)

Example 2: 3 × [4 / {6 – (2 + 2)} + 2]

Notice that in the second example you can pair up the brackets much more easily, but changing the shape of the brackets did not change the mathematical expression. This is important to understand when using a calculator, which usually has only round brackets. Since the shape of the bracket has no mathematical impact, solving example 1 or example 2 would involve the repeated usage of the round brackets.

BEDMAS

In the section opener, your skill-testing question was 2 × 5 + 30 ÷ 5. Do you just solve this expression from left to right, or should you start somewhere else? To prevent any confusion over how to resolve these mathematical operations, there is an agreed-upon sequence of mathematical steps commonly referred to as BEDMAS.

BEDMAS

BEDMAS is an acronym for Brackets, Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.

How It Works

Step 1: Brackets must be resolved first. As brackets can be nested inside of each other, you must resolve the innermost set of brackets first before proceeding outwards to the next set of brackets. When resolving a set of brackets, you must perform the mathematical operations within the brackets by following the remaining steps in this model (EDMAS). If there is more than one set of brackets but the sets are not nested, work from left to right and top to bottom.

Step 2: If the expression has any exponents, you must resolve these next. Remember that an exponent indicates how many times you need to multiply the base against itself. For example,

2³ = 2 × 2 × 2.

Step 3: The order of appearance for multiplication and division does not matter. However, you must resolve these operations in order from left to right and top to bottom as they appear in the expression.

Step 4: The last operations to be completed are addition and subtraction. The order of appearance doesn’t matter; however, you must complete the operations working left to right through the expression.

Important Notes

Before proceeding with the Texas Instruments BAII Plus calculator, you must change some of the factory defaults, as explained in the table below. To change the defaults, open the Format window on your calculator. If for any reason your calculator is reset (either by removing the battery or pressing the reset button), you must perform this sequence again.

Buttons Pushed	Calculator Display	What It Means
2nd Format	DEC=2.00	You have opened the Format window to its first setting. DEC tells your calculator how to round the calculations. In business math, it is important to be accurate. Therefore, we will set the calculator to what is called a floating display, which means your calculator will carry all of the decimals and display as many as possible on the screen.
9 Enter	DEC=9.	The floating decimal setting is now in place. Let us proceed.
↓	DEG	This setting has nothing to do with business math and is just left alone. If it does not read DEG, press 2nd Set to toggle it.
↓	US 12-31-1990	Dates can be entered into the calculator. North Americans and Europeans use slightly different formats for dates. Your display is indicating North American format and is acceptable for our purposes. If it does not read US, press 2nd Set to toggle it.
↓	US 1,000	In North America it is common to separate numbers into blocks of 3 using a comma. Europeans do it slightly differently. This setting is acceptable for our purposes. If your display does not read US, press 2nd Set to toggle it.
↓	Chn	There are two ways that calculators can solve equations. This is known as the Chain method, which means that your calculator will simply resolve equations as you punch it in without regard for the rules of BEDMAS. This is not acceptable and needs to be changed.
2nd Set	AOS	AOS stands for Algebraic Operating System. This means that the calculator is now programmed to use BEDMAS in solving equations.
2nd Quit	0.	Back to regular calculator usage.

Also note that on the BAII Plus calculator you have two ways to key in an exponent:

If the exponent is squaring the base (e.g., 3²), press 3 x². It calculates the solution of 9.
If the exponent is anything other than a 2, you must use the y^x button. For 23, you press 2 y^x 3 =. It calculates the solution of 8.

Things To Watch Out For

Negative Signs

Remember that mathematics uses both positive numbers (such as +3) and negative numbers (such as −3).

Positive numbers do not need to have the + sign placed in front of them since it is implied. Thus +3 is written as just 3. Negative numbers, though, must have the negative sign placed in front of them. Be careful not to confuse the terminology of a negative number with a subtraction or minus sign. For example, 4 + (−3) is read as “four plus negative three” and not “four plus minus three.” To key a negative number on a calculator, enter the number first followed by the ± button, which switches the sign of the number.

The Horizontal Divisor Line

One of the areas in which people make the most mistakes involves the “hidden brackets.” This problem almost always occurs when the horizontal line is used to represent division. Consider the following mathematical expression:

(4 + 6) ÷ (2 + 3)

If you rewrite this expression using the horizontal line to represent the divisor, it looks like this:

$\frac{4+6}{2+3}$

Notice that the brackets disappear from the expression when you write it with the horizontal divisor line because they are implied by the manner in which the expression appears. Your best approach when working with a horizontal divisor line is to reinsert the brackets around the terms on both the top and bottom. Thus, the expression looks like this:

$\frac{(4+6)}{(2+3)}$

Employing this technique will ensure that you arrive at the correct solution, especially when using calculators.

Paths To Success

Hidden and Implied Symbols

If there are hidden or implied symbols in the expressions, your first step is to reinsert those hidden symbols in their correct locations. In the example below, note how the hidden multiplication and brackets are reinserted into the expression:

$4 \frac {3 + 2^2 \times 3}{ (2 + 8)\div 2}$

transforms into

$4x \frac {3 + 2^ 2 \times 3}{ (2 + 8)\div 2}$

Once you have reinserted the symbols, you are ready to follow the BEDMAS model.

Calculators are not programmed to be capable of recognizing implied symbols. If you key in “3(4 + 2)” on your calculator, failing to input the multiplication sign between the “3” and the “(4 + 2),“ you get a solution of 6. Your calculator ignores the “3” since it doesn’t know what mathematical operation to perform on it. To have your calculator solve the expression correctly, you must punch the equation through as “3 × (4 + 2) =”. This produces the correct answer of 18.

Simplifying Negatives

If your question involves positive and negative numbers, it is sometimes confusing to know what symbol to put when simplifying or solving. Remember these two rules:

Key Takeaways

Rule #1: A pair of the same symbols is always positive.
Thus “4 + (+3)” and “4 − (−3)” both become “4 + 3.”

Rule #2: A pair of the opposite symbols is always negative.
Thus “4 + (−3)” and “4 − (+3)” both become “4 – 3.”

A simple way to remember these rules is to count the total sticks involved, where a “+” sign has two sticks and a “−” sign has one stick. If you have an odd number of total sticks, the outcome is a negative sign. If you have an even number of total sticks, the outcome is a positive sign.

Note the following examples:

4 + (−3) =
→ 3 total sticks is odd and therefore simplifies to negative
→ 4 − 3 = 1
(−2) × (−2) =
→ 2 total sticks is even and therefore simplifies to positive
→ (−2) ×(− 2) = +4

Example 2.1 A: Solving Expressions Using BEDMAS

Evaluate each of the following expressions.

a.	$2 \times 5 + 30 \div 5$
b.	$(6+3) ^2 + 18 \div 2$
c.	$4 \times \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 3 + 2 ^2 \times 3 \rbrace}{ \lbrace (2 + 8) \div 2 \rbrace} \rbrack$

Plan

You need to evaluate each of the expressions. This means you must solve each expression.

Understand – What You Already Know

You are provided with the mathematical expressions in a formula format. These expressions are ready for you to solve.

How You Will Get There

Employ the knowledge of BEDMAS to solve each operation in its correct order.

Perform

Question A

2 x 5 + 30 ÷ 5	Step 1: No Brackets
	Step 2: No exponents
	Step 3: Working left to right, resolve the multiplication first
10 + 30 ÷ 5	Step 4: Now resolve the division
10 + 6	Step 5: Perform the remaining addition
16	Final Solution

Question B

(6+3)²+ 18 ÷ 2	Step 1: Start with the brackets and perform BEDMAS; you have only an addition to perform
9 + 18 ÷ 2	Step 2: Resolve the exponent
81 + 18 ÷ 2	Step 3: Perform the division
81 + 9	Step 4: Perform the addition
90	Final Solution

Question C

$4 \times \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 3 + 2 ^2 \times 3 \rbrace}{ \lbrace (2 + 8) \div 2 \rbrace} \rbrack$	Step 1: Start with the innermost set of brackets (2 + 8) and perform BEDMAS. In this bracket you only have one addition to resolve.
$4 \times \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 3 + 2 ^2 \times 3 \rbrace}{ \lbrace 10 \div 2 \rbrace} \rbrack$	The innermost brackets are complete, so you now drop them. You still have two sets of inner {} brackets. Start with the top one and perform BEDMAS.
$4 \times \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 3 + 4 \times 3 \rbrace}{ \lbrace 10 \div 2 \rbrace} \rbrack$	Exponent resolved.
$4 \times \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 3 + 12 \rbrace}{ \lbrace 10 \div 2 \rbrace} \rbrack$	Multiplication performed.
$4 \times \lbrack \frac{15}{ \brace 10 \div 2 \rbrace } \rbrack$	Addition performed. You no longer need the brackets so you drop them. Step 1: Now do the bottom brackets performing EDMAS. You have only one division to resolve.
$4 \times \lbrack \frac {15}{5} \rbrack$	Division is completed. You no longer need the brackets so you drop them. Step 1: One last set of brackets to go! Only 1 division left.
$4 \times 3$	Division performed. You no longer need the brackets so you drop them. Step 2: No exponents. Step 3: perform the multiplication.
$12$	Step 4: Not Needed – Final Solution

Final Solutions

a. 16
b. 90
c. 12

Section 2.1 Exercises

Hint: If a question involves money, round the answers to the nearest cent.

Mechanics

1.	81 ÷ 27 + 3 × 4
2.	100 ÷ (5 × 4 – 5 × 2)
3.	33 – 9 + (1 + 7 × 3)
4.	(6 + 3)2 – 17 × 3 + 70
5.	100 – (42 + 3) – (3 + 9 × 3 – 4)

Applications

6.	$\lbrack (7 ^2 - \lbrace - 41 \rbrace ) - 5 \times 2 \rbrack \div (80 \div 10)$
7.	$\$ 1,000(1 + 0.09 \times \frac {88}{365} )$
8.	$3 \lbrack \$ 2,000 ( 1 + 0.003) ^8 \rbrack + \$ 1,500$
9.	$\frac {20,000}{1+0.07 \times {7}{12}}$
10.	$4 \times \lbrack (52 + 15) ^2 \div (13 ^2 - 9) \rbrack ^2$
11.	$500 \lbrack \frac {(1 + 0.00875)^4^3 - 1}{0.00875} \rbrack$
12	$1,000 (1 + \frac{0.12}{6})^1^5$

Challenge, Critical Thinking, & Other Applications

13.	$\frac { \$ 2,500}{1 + 0.10} + \frac { \$ 7,500}{ (1 + 0.10) ^2 } + \frac {- \$ 1,500}{ (1 + 0.10) ^3} + \frac {- \$ 2,000}{ (1 + 0.10) ^4}$
14.	$\$ 175,000 (1 + 0.07) ^1^5 + \$ 14,000 \frac{(1 + 0.07) ^2^0 - 1}{0.07}$
15.	$\$ 5,000 \lbrack \frac { \lbrace 1 + \lbrack ( 1 + 0.08) ^0^.^5 - 1 \rbrack \rbrace ^7^5 - 1}{ ( 1 + 0.08 )^0^.^5 - 1}0} \rbrack$
16.	$\$ 800 \lbrack \frac { (1 + 0.07) ^2^0 - (1 + 0.03) ^2^0 }{0.07 - 0.03} \rbrack$
17.	$\$ 60,000 (1 + 0.0058) ^8^0 - \$ 450 \lbrack \frac { (1 + 0.0058) ^2^5 - 1}{0.07} \rbrack$
18.	$( \frac {0.08}{2} ) \$ 1,000 \lbrack \frac {1 - \frac {1}{ \lbrace 1 + ( \frac {0.08}{2} ) \rbrace ^1^6 } } { \frac {0.08}{2} } \rbrack + \$ 1,000 \lbrack 1 + ( \frac {0.08}{2}) \rbrack ^1^6$
19.	$\$ 1,475 \frac { (1 + \frac {0.06}{4} ) ^1^6 -1}{ \frac {0.06}{4} } \rbrack$
20.	$\$ 6,250 (1 + 0.525) ^1^0 + \$ 325 \lbrack \frac { (1 + 0.0525) ^1^0 - 1}{0.0525} \rbrack$