Reading: Introduction to the Product Life Cycle

A company has to be good at both developing new products and managing them in the face of changing tastes, technologies, and competition. Products generally go through a life cycle with predictable sales and profits. Marketers use the product life cycle to follow this progression and identify strategies to influence it. The product life cycle (PLC) starts with the product’s development and introduction, then moves toward withdrawal or eventual demise. This progression is shown in the graph, below.

Product Life Cycle comparing Sales and Profits. Sales are at zero in the product development stage, gradually increase during introduction, greatly increase in the growth stage, grow and peak in the maturity stage, then greatly decrease in the decline stage. At the same time, profits dip below zero in the product development stage, grow and surpass zero in the introduction stage, grow gradually in the growth stage and peak as they go into the maturity stage. Profits reach zero in the decline stage.

The five stages of the PLC are:

  1. Product development
  2. Market introduction
  3. Growth
  4. Maturity
  5. Decline

The table below shows the common characteristics of each stage.

Product Life Cycle Stages and Common Characteristics
Stage 1: Product Development
  1. Investment is made
  2. Sales have not begun
  3. New product ideas are generated, operationalized, and tested
Stage 2: Market Introduction
  1. Costs are very high
  2. Slow sales volumes to start
  3. Little or no competition
  4. Demand has to be created
  5. Customers have to be prompted to try the product
  6. Makes little money at this stage
Stage 3: Growth
  1. Costs reduced due to economies of scale
  2. Sales volume increases significantly
  3. Profitability begins to rise
  4. Public awareness increases
  5. Competition begins to increase with a few new players in establishing market
  6. Increased competition leads to price decreases
Stage 4: Maturity
  1. Costs are lowered as a result of increased production volumes and experience curve effects
  2. Sales volume peaks and market saturation is reached
  3. New competitors enter the market
  4. Prices tend to drop due to the proliferation of competing products
  5. Brand differentiation and feature diversification is emphasized to maintain or increase market share
  6. Profits decline
Stage 5: Decline
  1. Costs increase due to some loss of economies of scale
  2. Sales volume declines
  3. Prices and profitability diminish
  4. Profit becomes more a challenge of production/distribution efficiency than increased sales

Using the Product Life Cycle

The product life cycle can be a useful tool in planning for the life of the product, but it has a number of limitations.

Not all products follow a smooth and predictable growth path. Some products are tied to specific business cycles or have seasonal factors that impact growth. For example, enrollment in higher education tracks closely with economic trends. When there is an economic downturn, more people lose jobs and enroll in college to improve their job prospects. When the economy improves and more people are fully employed, college enrollments drop. This does not necessarily mean that education is in decline, only that it is in a down cycle.

Furthermore, evidence suggests that the PLC framework holds true for industry segments but not necessarily for individual brands or projects, which are likely to experience greater variability.[1]

Of course, changes in other elements of the marketing mix can also affect the performance of the product during its life cycle. Change in the competitive situation during each of these stages may have a much greater impact on the marketing approach than the PLC itself. An effective promotional program or a dramatic lowering of price may improve the sales picture in the decline period, at least temporarily. Usually, the improvements brought about by non-product tactics are relatively short-lived, and basic alterations to product offerings provide longer benefits.

Whether one accepts the S-shaped curve as a valid sales pattern or as a pattern that holds only for some products (but not for others), the PLC concept can still be very useful. It offers a framework for dealing systematically with product marketing issues and activities. The marketer needs to be aware of the generalizations that apply to a given product as it moves through the various stages.

  1. Mullor-Sebastian, Alicia. (1983). The Product Life Cycle Theory: Empirical Evidence. Journal of International Business Studies, (14.3), 95–105 https://www.jstor.org/stable/154692 ↵

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